As the warmer weather approaches, it is important to be able to recognise the signs of heat stroke in dogs, how to prevent it and what to do in an emergency.
A dog’s normal body temperature is approximately 38.5 degrees Celsius and they are usually able to maintain this via cooling mechanisms in their nasal cavity, alongside panting and moving to cooler areas. If this fails, for example if a dog is being walked on a hot day, or is shut in a car and cannot escape, their temperature can elevate to dangerous levels (above 41 degrees Celsius) and heatstroke can occur.
Brachycephalic (flat-faced) breeds such as Bulldogs, Pugs, Shih-tzus and Pekingese are more susceptible to heatstroke as their nasal cavity is compromised and they are less able to pant effectively. 
Clinical signs of heatstroke include restlessness, panting, fast breathing, elevated heart rate, red gums, vomiting and diarrhoea, lethargy, and uncoordinated movements. In severe cases this can lead to collapse, coma, and death.
If your dog is showing signs of heatstroke, you should move them to a cooler area, begin active cooling using cool running water, and contact your vet for advice. It is not recommended to place wet towels on your dog as these are quickly warmed by their body temperature and can trap warm air between the towel and dog.
Once cooled to a normal temperature they will require close monitoring as secondary complications can occur, such as hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), acute kidney injury, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (a serious blood clotting disorder).
To avoid heatstroke in the summer, walk your dog during the cooler periods of the day such as early morning and late evening. Ensure they have access to plenty of fresh water and a cool shaded area to rest. Never leave your dog unattended in a car, the temperature inside a car can raise drastically in a matter of minutes!
It is important to remember that this can also occur in cats, so ensure that they have access to cool spaces and plenty of fresh water inside, as well as ensuring that outdoor cats can easily retreat inside when necessary. Cats do not breathe through their mouths normally, so if you notice a cat panting this is a medical emergency.
Blog written by Trainee Veterinary Nurse, Chelsey Taylor